Vivian Bose JUDGMENT
M. Patanjali Sastri, C.J.
1. This appeal raises questions Under Article 14 of the Constitution more or less similar to those dealt with by this Court in Criminal Appeal No. 297 of 1951, The State of West Bengal v. Anwar Ali Sarkar Since reported as MANU/SC/0033/1952 : [1952] S.C.R. 284, and it was heard in part along with that appeal but was adjourned to enable the Respondent State to file an affidavit explaining the circumstances which led to the enactment of the Saurashtra State Public Safety Measures (Third Amendment) Ordinance, 1949 (No. XLVI of 1949), hereinafter referred to as the impugned Ordinance.
2. As in the West Bengal case, the jurisdiction of the Special Court of Criminal Jurisdiction, which tried and convicted the Appellant, was challenged on the ground that the impugned Ordinance, under which the Court was constituted, was discriminatory and void. The Objection was overruled by the Special Judge as well as by the High Court of Saurashtra on appeal and the Appellant now seeks a decision of this Court on the point.
3. The impugned Ordinance purports to amend the Saurashtra State Public Safety Measures Ordinance (No. IX of 1948) which had been passed "to provide for public safety, maintenance of public order and preservation of peace and tranquillity in the State of Saurashtra", by the insertion of Sections 7 to 18 which deal with the establishment of Special Courts of criminal jurisdiction in certain areas to try certain classes of offences in accordance with a simplified and shortened procedure. Section 9 empowers the State by notification to constitute Special Courts for such 'areas as may be specified in the notification and Section 10 provides for appointment of Special Judges to preside over such courts. Section 11 enacts that the Special Judge shall try "such offences or classes of offences or such cases or classes of cases as the Government may, by general or special order in writing; direct", Then follow provisions prescribing the procedure applicable to the trial of such offences. The only variations in such procedure from the normal procedure in criminal trials in the State consist of the abolition of trial by jury or with the aid of assessors and the elimination of the inquiry before commitment in sessions cases. Even under the normal procedure trial by jury is not compulsory unless the Government so directs (Sections 268 and 269(1)). while assessors are not really members of the court and their opinion is not binding on the judge with whom the responsibility for the decision rests. Nor can the commitment proceeding in a sessions case be said to be an essential requirement of a fair and impartial, trial, though its